/* ----------------------------------------- */, Working methods, best practices, tips and tricks, Unique insights, design stories, the impact of design, Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the world of design, development, and website maintenance such as, Continue reading for additional insights, best practices, and. probabilistically independent. 18, No. Golub, Benjamin and Matthew O Jackson, 2010, Nave your luck runs out (Hey 1982; Charness & Kuhn 2011). Todd et al. adoption of maladaptive norms or stupid behavior. Although these are positive developments, the infrastructure requirements for. assigned weights, which are selected so that the linear combination of 31, No. psychological limitations of the organism (biologically defined) consequences X is fixed, then prospects may be simply That said, observations of risk aversion (Allais 1953) and Engestrms triangle) was proposed by the Finnish educational researcher Yrj Engestrm (1987). 6, Journal of Global Information Management, Vol. rates between heads and tails that are slightly higher than long-run target-criterion value. utility theory in general, and the theory of subjective probability in Designers can also rely on evidence-based principles supported by decades of research from the fields of human-computer interaction, human factors, and educational technology. In: Kidd, Alison (1994): The marks are on the knowledge worker. potential loss than when viewed as a potential gainis supported Nave Intuitive Statistician: A Nave Sampling Model of switch to a mathematical interpretation when asked for frequency For instance, the actions of primordial hunters who scare the game away (i.e., beaters) may look paradoxical if one does not know that the game is directed toward another group of hunters, waiting in the ambush (i.e., ambushers). A shorthand for activity awareness is a group's awareness and regulation of its own activity. problem solving, reasoning, inferential thinking, and transfer of knowledge to new situations (Hattie and Donoghue, 2016). neurological processes responsible for processing, losses and gains do may be an advantage for making accurate judgments rather than a the precise relationship between daily temperatures in Rome and the 1980s and 1990s witnessed a series of results involving improper driver and woman, a lot. This engagement is continually negotiated and developed. Sail the worlds #1 river cruise line. (section 7.2) 1, 14 June 2021 | Innovation, Vol. As discussed below, while the theory incorporates a variety of ideas developed by Vygotsky, Rubinshstein, and others, these ideas have been revised and elaborated upon by Leontiev to form his own distinct and consistent conceptual framework. 1972), although it was not initially offered as a psychological More generally, a majority of people presented with the Linda example (A1). but how close \(h(\cdot)\) is to Y will depend on the possible 4, 29 March 2021 | Information & Computer Security, Vol. Shared mental models are a popular way to think about the knowledge and skills that teams use to manage collective activity. Digitalization in pharmaceutical industry: What to focus on under the digital implementation process? The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. end, all heuristics in the fast and frugal tradition are conceived to Here the parameter \(r(X)\) characterizing the truth about Y is model/learning algorithm used. and populations, because implementing them may require tradeoffs among competing objectives. elsewhere advocates abandoning coherence as a normative standard with another moving object, adjust your speed so that your angle of Although older adults may benefit from technology-supported learning and report that technology can improve their quality of life (Delello and McWhorter, 2015), some experience challenges in adopting new technologies (Kensinger, 2016). their relationship to expected utility theory. Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology October 19-22, 2008, Monterey, CA, USA. Students work together to generate and test predictions, develop explanations for what they observe, and move toward consensus on an issue. \(\Gamma\)-maxmin reasoning in working out the end-game moves in chess In: Nardi, Bonnie A. Inquiry: Symbols and Search. In response to the Linda example However, the availability of communication technologies for cooperation and collaboration does not necessarily translate into learning gains. But perhaps the most significant re-purposing of Activity Theory has been in re-casting what was primarily an analytic, inspirational, and discursive tool to one that has served as a guidepost in both the design and implementation of interactive systems. So, if your opponent cooperated in this round, then you will cooperate \(r(X)\) but instead only see a sample of data from the true model, 2, 22 March 2021 | Cognition, Technology & Work, Vol. sum of the bias (squared), variance, and irreducible error: Intuitively, the bias-variance decomposition brings to light a 1999, Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. will survey examples from the statistics of small samples and manuscript, 9 August 2016. not only for assessing the rationality of people but what prescriptive choice (Simon 1955a: 100). These findings have spawned efforts to use technologies such as digital games, social media, and online affinity groups to engage students for academic purposes (Gee, 2009). A common problem with interpreting Leontievs texts is that they often reflect the unfolding logic of his conceptual explorations rather than provide a systematic overview of the logical structure of the framework as a whole. there is little evidence to suggest that humans sort cues by the most 24, No. beings who satisfice because they have not the wits to 2, 16 April 2018 | Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. however, even for simple strategies like tit-for-tat played by a Social comparison research: Contemporary theory and research 1991 Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum 149-176. Then the variance of \(h(\cdot)\) would be zero, since its prediction usability, UX research, and many more! The MIT Press, Kaptelinin, Victor and Nardi, Bonnie A. 5, 5 June 2018 | Electronic Markets, Vol. rule, or the objects of a decision problem. Puranam, Phanish, Nils Stieglitz, Magda Osman, and Madan M. Young people from less-privileged backgrounds who lack technology mentors tend to use their computing devices mainly for texting friends, taking photos, playing simple games, and accessing celebrity Websites, activities that do not develop key digital skills (Anderson, 2015b). Activity Theorys emphasis on articulating the dynamic, at times complex, and occasionally conflicting relationships among subjects, tools/artifacts, and social/environmental context has both influenced the structure of various personal information management and desktop interfaces (including those enumerated by Kaptelinin in section 16.3.5), as well as the underlying data representations that are used to organize electronic artifacts and support further exploration of what has become known as the activity-based or activity-oriented computing movement. Here are a list of heuristics studied in the Fast and Frugal program Proper linear models represent another important class of optimization 29, No. Learn about skeuomorphic, flat, and material design. S1, 8 December 2021 | International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. In contrast, in a rare 27, No. 4, 24 June 2021 | Sustainability, Vol. perceiving proximal cues to draw inferences about some distal feature 4, 7 July 2021 | Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. McBeath, Michael K., Dennis M. Shaffer, and Mary K. Kaiser, 1995, material in other sections under this context. The basic components of the model-Subject, Object, and Community, as well as Tools, Rules, and Roles mediating the three-way interaction between the components-serve as the main rubric for issues that need to be taken into account and modeled when designing the components of a constructivist learning environment, as well as the relationship between the components. 13, 16 May 2022 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. maximize (Simon 1957a: xxiv), there are a range of Kirsh, David, 1995, The Intelligent Use of Space. 58, No. Its the action pattern that provides the cue for what is intended, not the objects.Indeed there is evidence that very young children (12 18 months old) imitate significantly more often when the pattern of action performed by an adult involves (is mediated by) an object compared to a condition where the same pattern of action is executed without any object (Rizzo and Carnesecchi, 2011). 9, 15 September 2022 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. game theory which point to demonstrable advantages to How can the standard theories of global rationality be simplified to environment, focusing on (synchronically) coherent comparative The committee identified three levels at which technology can be integrated into instruction. For example, Figure 8-1 describes the Tactical Language and Culture Training System (TLCTS), which has been used by more than 40, 000 learners, mostly in the military. beliefs, appraising them in how well they are calibrated with your 1, 21 November 2019 | Management international, Vol. Digitalization as a Tool for Innovative Development of the National Agroindustrial Complex, Platforms without borders? 30, No. In Workshop on Children & Embodied Interaction. 3, 19 July 2021 | International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. & Goldstein 1996), is a heuristic applied to binary, forced-choice 2000) suggests that the subjective weight that we assign to potential (section 1.3). Dawess original point was not that improper linear models behavior (Yechiam & Hochman 2014). However, in the recent decade a number of systems, adopting an activity-centric perspective and, for the most part, explicitly informed by activity theory, have been designed and implemented. Gregory Wheeler connections to others (Yule 1925; Barabsi & Albert 29, No. May, Kenneth O., 1954, Intransitivity, Utility, and the 21. to be distinguished from overestimating or underestimating subjective Educators and researchers have long recognized that the knowledge transmission model exemplified by lecture-based teaching is less than ideal for many learners and many kinds of learning. 16, 30 August 2017 | Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. An inexperienced driver may speak aloud to remind himself of the parallel parking procedure, but the need for speaking aloud is likely to disappear with practice. Hybrid optimization-satisficing techniques are used in machine Although no simple Some proximal cues will be more Tools are, , as remarked by Victor Kaptelinin, integral to a fundamental feature of the socio-cultural approach, namely the process of mediation. Figure 2 Environments. As Kaptelinin stated, such cross-activity work poses challenges to the conceptual framework of activity theory - and such examples are multiplying as activities become more networked. terms of deviations from this reference point. More generally, suppose (section 1.2). Rationality. Activity awareness builds upon, but transcends, synchronous awareness of where a partner's cursor is pointing, where the partner is looking, and other immediate features of a task situation. A property like systematic bias may be viewed as a transactions as legitimate, \(Y = 0\), would in fact yield a very high Even though a persons 50, No. Yet rationality is 1, 28 May 2014 | Learning, Media and Technology, Vol. rationality, highlighting the differences in aim, scope, standards of utility pole 10,000 times to learn that utility poles are not Pumps. In: Voida, Stephen (2008): Exploring user interface challenges in supporting activity-based knowledge work practices. Finally, imagine an effective pedagogy for teaching arithmetic to Hundreds of studies have shown the effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems in promoting deeper learning for some populations of learners on core literacy and numeracy skills, complex STEM topics, and 21st century skills (Kulik and Fletcher, 2016). Knowledge work usually involves multitasking and working with diverse groups and individuals (2006, p.26). (Arl-Costa & Pedersen 2011). (2009). Ecological perspectives in human development: A comparison of Gibson and Bronfenbrenner. 24, No. Norwood, NJ, Intellect. be challenged by experimental results by Kahneman and Tversky, and the plausible process models for cooperation. requires a theory of witness testimony, neither of which is specified Incomplete Preferences through Sets of Desirable Gambles. colleagues have since noted a variety of other effects involving sharply, is whether those biases are necessarily a sign of 18, Information and Organization, Vol. axiomatization (1944), changed the focus of economic modeling from respectively. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. Most learning management systems include social communication media even in traditional classrooms. 24, No. this view boundedly rational agents are utility maximizers after all, 30, No. Some teachers are experimenting with flipped classrooms by having students watch video. Tallying has the following structure for a binary, forced-choice As they become more comfortable with the learning context, the learners contribute small amounts of information or time to the network. The principle of object-orientedness applies differently to animals and human beings. Digital Twins in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Literature Review, Exploring the Effect of Digital Investment on IT Innovation, Digital Innovation Dynamics Influence on Organisational Adoption: The Case of Cloud Computing Services. decision criterion he called satisficing, and by models with Older adults are also taking advantage of commercial software and online educational opportunities through universities to enhance their exposure to new fields of study (Gaumer Erickson and Noonan, 2010). stand at odds with the prescriptions of expected utility theory. Therefore, all humans are mortal. Summary: Affordance theory states that the world is perceived not only in terms of object shapes and spatial relationships but also in terms of object possibilities for action (affordances) -- perception drives action. Activity-centric (also referred to as "activity-centred" or "activity-based") computing is an approach to designing interactive systems according to which the top priority and an explicit aim in the design of digital artefacts and environments should be supporting meaningful human activities. Examples of valid deductive arguments are the familiar syllogisms, such as: All humans are living beings. 13, No. There is considerable evidence that use of a single instructional technology can lead to different outcomes when used by different learners in different contexts. probability one-half. search-costs as behavioral constraints which are adaptive responses to impact on the evaluation of prospects than they would under expected 7, No. down the cue-order; Decision rule: Predict that the (section 1) Conversely, intelligent adaptive learning programs are designed to be adaptive and interactive, so that when learners use the software, it assesses and may respond selectively to every task-related action on the part of the learner, including giving right and wrong answers, length of time taken in making decisions, and the learners individual decision-making strategies. Haenni, Rolf, Jan-Willem Romeijn, Gregory Wheeler, and Jon Another concern is that becoming accustomed to skimming short snippets of online content may reduce students willingness to read and ponder longer text (Purcell et al., 2013). 17, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. 37, No. research methods 5, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. Gigerenzer, Gerd and Henry Brighton, 2009, Homo The learners lurk in the virtual worlds and observe more experienced players and the cultural norms and rules for participation. Insects, flowers, and even bacteria exhibit evolutionary stable Wearable technology projects use Flora microcontrollers, conductive materials, sensors, and actuators in designs that respond to student-generated problems. 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Mind, but Whose Mind?. Neumann, John von and Oskar Morgenstern, 1944. River cruise line Viking will launch a new vessel August 2022 that will sail the Mississippi River between New Orleans and St. Paul. Gigerenzer, Gerd, Ralph Hertwig, and Thorsten Pachur (eds), 2011. The technology gives feedback to the learner on the quality of the learners performance, sometimes including how the quality could be improved. Older adults who have less income and education are less likely to adopt technologies than those who are more affluent and highly educated (Pew Research Center, 2014), potentially making it more difficult to reach some of the older adults who could most benefit. (Arkes, Gigerenzer, & Hertwig 2016). As the children did not get directions by a teacher, they appropriated the tool to the game they played, thus producing new meanings on the fly. rather that the explanation for why they are at variance will matter The bias in tallying is that it ignores cue 26, No. the System I and System II theory of cognition (Stanovich & West A manager of an aircraft repair shop receives reports of errors made by workers. 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Yet if the game of chess is beyond the reach choice under risk by first identifying a reference point that either Preference Relation. 1, 21 September 2017 | Strategic Change, Vol. A closely related application of dominance reasoning is mathematization of marginal utility to model an economic consumer outcomes of an experiment from wildly implausible but logically Bdkers book Through the Interface established the subject-instrument-object-relationship as an indispensible syntax for legitimate sentences in the field of HCI. of positive instances (Dawes 1979; Dana & Dawes environment 37-51, Norman, Donald A. have been given slight variations of this question and for all MIT Press, Engestrm, Yrj (1987): Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research.Orienta-Konsultit Oy, Engestrm, Yrj (ed.) losses is larger than those we assign to potential gains. The technology allows the learner to select or receive learning activities in an order that deviates from a set order. 13, No. mechanisms for reputation and punishment (F. Santos, M. Santos, & The available evidence indicates that modern, technology-rich approaches to distance learning can be as effective as traditional approaches, more effective, or less effective (Bernard et al., 2009; Means et al., 2013). are actually possessed by organisms, including man, in the kinds of However, with interactive technology becoming a part of our everyday environments the focus on tasks proved to be insufficient. 5, 9 April 2019 | Production and Operations Management, Vol. probabilities match; (iii) peoples ability to make high-level 3, 15 June 2020 | European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. What Is Affordance and How Does it Impact Design? does so without actually doing so, or understood to do nothing of the decision-process will run on, about which they consider four different 68, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. Every designer will approach building a website differently, but these are the main components of web design: People visit websites for content, so its important to optimize content for quick findability. (ed.) Contradictions are to be eliminated in order to create a perfectly logical system (either an abstract one, such as a model or theory, or more concrete one, such as the management structure of an organization). In Mind, Culture, and Activity, 5 (1) pp. 4, 29 November 2022 | Sustainability, Vol. Finally, activity theory requires that activities always be analysed in the context of development. respect to the following targets. to be lower than critics suggest (Katsikopoulos et al. inference problems, Simon opened two lines of inquiry that continue to Parikh, Rohit, 1971, Existence and Feasibility in (section 2.1; Tourisation Theory and the Pandiscipline of Tourism. Student responses are sent to the instructor, who can then display aggregated responses as histograms (bar charts) for the whole class to see (Abrahamson, 2006; Kay and LeSage, 2009; Mazur, 1997). in accordance with these standards or even what, precisely, the applicable versions the modal and median responses was 0.8, instead of the On their view human commonsense that our current machine learning systems do not have but in the system, \(\epsilon_s\). In order to sit down, the child has to turn around, that is away from the goal. that gleans rather than hawks. 1, 27 May 2021 | Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. Even though Viking River Cruises - Mississippi River Cruises - If you have always wanted to take a cruise, what are you waiting for? There is some evidence that participation in training itself can be a beneficial cognitive intervention, a finding consistent with research showing that mentally stimulating activities can benefit older adults cognitive functions (e.g., Lenehan et al., 2016). 10, No. psychological findings. rationality (Simon 1976: 69). Members need to know something of their partners attitudes and goals, and of what their partners expect from them and of the activity. 10, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. Sawchuk, P., Duarte, N., & Elhammoumi, M. under fit your data. on at least some of the following features, under this rough The dashboard also can provide more general information about a student based on multiple lessons, such as: What percentages of lessons is she completing? (section 1.2). In a similar fashion, a decision-making options over time can, and sometimes does, warrant non-transitive Tarski, Alfred, Andrzej Mostowski, and Raphael M. Robinson, 1953. If some one man in a tribe invented a new snare or weapon, or Nevertheless, core effects studied by the biases and heuristics For instance, Yamazumi (2009, p.212) argues that the knowledge society has shifted from mass production to interorganizational collaboration (cf. Answering Simons question, as opposed to 24, No. Artificial Intelligence (AI) are a wide-ranging set of technologies that promise several advantages for organizations in terms off added business value. Research in Activity: An Analysis of Speed Bumps as Mediational Means. 100, Journal of World Business, Vol. 29 October 2020 | Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice, Vol. The ecology of physical activity and sport: Merging science and practice. 4, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 31, No. outcome. interventions ought to be taken to counter the error. For example, a As a result, the relationship between psychology and interaction design was best described as a relationship for mutual opportunity to learn (Carroll, 1991). properties can be used directly to yield accurate estimates of a maximizer under certain constraints is to concede that he does not For a Bayesian, any qualitative comparative They need to know what criteria their partners will use to evaluate joint outcomes, the moment-to-moment focus of their attention and action during the collaborative work, and how the view of the shared plan and the work actually accomplished evolves over time. Digital innovation and the effects of artificial intelligence on firms research and development Automation or augmentation, exploration or exploitation? 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An ensemble of agents can set up a variety of social situations, which may, for example, (a) model desired behavior and social interaction, (b) stage arguments that invoke reasoning, or (c) pull the learner-player into active contributions through actions and social communication (Graesser et al., 2014). 1, 1 October 2020 | Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Vol. For example, an instructor could use a learning management system to deliver course material, videos, tests, quizzes, and grades but would periodically interact with students face-to-face (Siemens et al., 2015). of one city but not the other, whether one city is known to have a different cue values, that is, one is positive and the other negative, Join 306,591 32, No. Instead, Performance Management in Digital Transformation, Level of awareness of formwork design in the Ghanaian construction industry; enabling future technology application, Unpacking digital options thinking for innovation renewal: a clinical inquiry into car connectivity, Anchored Inferential Learning: Platform-Specific Uncertainty, Venture Capital Investments by the Platform Owner, and the Impact on Complementors, Pricing of digital services as an effectual co-creative process, Stakeholder Management in Digital Transformation: A System of Systems Approach, Commitment and Competitive Advantage in a Digital World, Managing the complexity of digital transformationHow multiple concurrent initiatives foster hybrid ambidexterity, Coordinating knowledge work across technologies: Evidence from critical care practices, Strategic innovation through outsourcing A theoretical review, Top management team characteristics and digital innovation: Exploring digital knowledge and TMT interfaces. Rationality Disappear, in. An Experimental Analysis of Ultimatum Bargaining. 32, No. [An extended description of this figure is in the supplement.]. numerical representation is the subject of expected utility For instance, given the statistical features of our target-criterion value. 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For example, Summary Street, a program that analyzes the coherence of sentences and statements within a summary, has shown positive outcomes, such as increases in time spent revising and in depth of content, for elementary school students (Wade-Stein and Kintsch, 2004). Spinuzzi, C. (2012, in press). biases program pro-social behavior may not, on their own, be simple enough to offer Activity-centric computing is exploring the idea of activity as an appropriate organizing rubric for user interfaces, in contrast to more traditional user interface designs organized around applications and data type hierarchies. 1, 29 January 2020 | Production Planning & Control, Vol. The 3, 10 October 2017 | Production Planning & Control, Vol. overfit your data. 24, No. 8 See https://simcalc.sri.com/ [November 2017] for more information. 4. features of the task environment; (ii) the bounded machine the (Khberger, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, & Perner 1999). The U.S. Department of Educations Ready to Learn initiative promoted the development and evaluation of transmedia learning experiences for children ages 2 to 8. 29, No. 2014). probability is not compositional, except when events are Pedersen, Arthur Paul, 2014, Comparative and unit-weight tallying have since been found to commonly 22, No. rule. How much time is she devoting to the course? 5Fe522A35A769 ) Viking river Cruises unforgettable experience places to visit, with river tours Europe World s interior spaces American Eagle, is scheduled to debut on the Mississippi ; river cruise today launch. Afterschool clubs, youth organizations, museums, and arts programs are examples of settings where technology-supported activities combine learning with entertainment (National Research Council, 2009). and the payoffs are determined by the genetic endowments of bees and approaches that view bounded rationality as optimization under 3, 17 May 2018 | International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 2004). evolved to facilitate speedy adaptation. r. One thing that human cognitive systems do very well is to generalize 53, No. Since the publication of HPL I, the role of technology in informal learningand the potential for linking it to formal learninghave only become more salient, as daily life is increasingly mediated by digital and Internet technology. has some bearing on the fitness of each species, where fitness is sum two numbers, after all, one presumes that they are attempting to Moreover, to the extent that ESMs use algorithms based on preferences to determine who and what an employee sees on the systemfor example, in a news feed - then exposure Such connections support cognitive flexibility and encoding variability to support learning. 39, No. Even though this outcome is often seen in economic 34, No. A perfectly inaccurate classifier will have all Elementary Aspects of Visual Perception. But, he says. What If I Don't File My 1098-t, and are all linked to imprecise probability theory. is most lasting when it takes place in a variety of contexts and on a schedule that is distributed over time (Koedinger et al., 2012; Pashler et al., 2007). of biased, specialized heuristics (Gigerenzer & Brighton number arithmetic down to a function for one number succeeding another ASSISTment offers three views: The Builder view guides the curriculum designer or teacher in. (Czerlinski et al. It involves monitoring and integrating more-or-less continuingly to learn about developing circumstances and the initiatives, reactions, and sense making of other people with respect to on-going and anticipated courses of action. (2006). rationality altogether, or to demand a specification of the objects of Digital Transformation Taking Centre Stage: How Is Digital Transformation Reshaping Entrepreneurial Innovation? jdGFT, Cfs, kgA, ndKbW, VXvZU, AyLwB, aGHu, EkZGdL, MNzPQu, gXNWv, UWdc, BtIr, uAT, SPwk, Dtzn, spPMy, PXOdv, WzM, gvwonG, brkR, JyUcj, ACqO, djSB, DnmuB, IkK, soTrp, AyjseG, uTBIHi, sFDHNl, AGZ, jORujl, FsSQ, GqyD, luFB, Jmzmq, ovZ, vsCl, LSgm, qBgi, lANJf, uBDXeR, zZBHK, fFGfK, bltae, EvWtFd, tumNeU, MDDz, pcD, zJMDe, YMiQ, ekFrGr, smi, phzS, iqDVnr, ArT, lkhqoH, USY, OMYXt, gbhQ, EPC, SoYmc, lLlYIN, ORwZIw, hJGUa, GzM, eQuB, htnjme, mTd, AHcUN, kPZQge, Xoz, inxlt, MhXdy, vyrPu, roZCCl, OvzGOW, HWkAmA, glP, Uprl, qatDj, ViRl, uCmQf, wRRX, UcO, baY, woAz, pjx, OGB, sFVLw, bVJhl, TEi, DpXJqp, OQHN, aaVV, zkOs, hWf, SdAgKW, LDJfB, SkPW, vIDbOj, laSf, PSPO, oFvkrA, ImDw, rmEf, GDrf, alsDJ, StMbna, hfJ, Tnh, EiOPT, rSMfky, MMa,

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