Recently, Fa et al. This could mean that the microorganisms from this sampling point have a higher ability to degrade HDPE and thus can adapt to the landfill environment as they age. J Polym Environ 9:103108, Gautam R, Bassi SB, Yanful EKY (2007) A review of biodegradation of synthetic plastic and foams. A partially purified MnP stimulated degradation of PE in presence of various surfactants [24, 45]. Libyan Agric Res Cent J Int 2:200204, Volke-Seplveda T, Saucedo-Castaeda G, Gutirrez-Rojas M, Manzur A, Favela-Torres E (2002) Thermally treated low density polyethylene biodegradation by Penicillium pinophilum and Aspergillus niger. An increase in the average of molecular weight is witnessed after initial degradation of low molecular weight chains [5, 41, 81, 119]. Eur. Polyethylene PE Degrading Microorganisms PE is composed of a linear chain of carbons held together by hydrogen bonds ( Figure 1 ). This is a hitherto report on the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the microalga Uronema africanum Borge. However, these methods are not feasible, costlier and not a complete solution for this global issue. Degradation can be divided into abiotic (chemical, physical degradation) and biotic (biological degradationbiodegradation) depending on the factors involved [6]. Plastic samples were collected in November 2019 at the municipal landfill in Hradany (Perov district, Czech Republic). Rutkowski, M., Heimowska, A., Krasowska, K. & Janik, H. Biodegradability of polyethylene starch blends in sea water. Internet Explorer). Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8537-0, Kumar S, Panda AK, Singh RK (2011) A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). Premraj, R. & Doble, M. Biodegradation of polymers. With their durability, weight, flexibility and availability, plastics have taken over the world. The erosion was formed due to the radial disc formation, whereas grooves and ridges followed by abrasions was formed by the filaments of the microalga (Fig. One of these ways could be degradation. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste was cracked into liquid fuel ingredients in a stainless steel . Adv Polym Technol 10:2330, Iiyoshi Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nishida T (1998) Polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi and manganese peroxidase. The extensive usage of both LDPE and HDPE poses severe environmental threats to the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as experienced like blockages of PE in the intestines of fish, birds and marine mammals [10, 99]. According to the previously described ability to decompose plastics [26, 27, 30, 32] or other types of resistant material [28, 29], eight species (four species from each sampling point) were selected for the experiments and analysed for their ability to degrade HDPE (Table 2). Acta Chim. 50ml of the bacterial culture was diluted in the mineral salt medium and 0.80.9g of sterile virgin HDPE film was added. Albertsson, A. C., Andersson, S. O. Authors also tested growth of alkanes degrading marine bacteria Alcanivorax borkumensis on LDPE. Researchers investigated biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) by measuring changes in various physico-chemical and structural characteristics using techniques like as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), etc. Two bacterial isolates, namely PE2 and PE3 have been obtained from the soil samples. Microbiol. Light in weight and easy to handle. In 1960, municipal solid waste contained less than 1% of plastics. A possible reason for this could be the higher surface area to volume ratio of strips compared to pellets. Prior to SEM analysis, the sample could ionize by ion sputter on a metal stub for 20min. Polyethylene, for example, was discovered in 1933, and the very first synthesis of light density polyethylene was performed in 1935 by Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett of the United Kingdom [1]. Cite this article. For example, UV and nitric acid treatment to PE led to an increase in absorbance of infrared at 17101715cm1 (corresponding to carbonyl group) and 1640cm1 and 830880cm1 (corresponding to C=C), which was then reduced after incubation with microbial consortia [43]. More than 20 bacterial genera have been shown to degrade different types of PE. [34] was observed after aerobic incubation at 30C for 100days. This study aimed at isolating and identifying bacteria and fungi with the capacity to degrade low density polyethylene (LDPE). reported to degrade polyethylene within 45days of incubation41. Substances present in the blank samples were considered irrelevant for our purposes and were not included. 3600.52.26/2020 and 3600.54.04/2021. Curr Biol 27:292293, Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Formation of the radial disc-like structure is one of the unique characteristic feature of the microalga Uronema africanum to tightly hold the substrate. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.037, Veethahavya KS, Rajath BS, Noobia S, Kumar BM (2016) Biodegradation of low density polyethylene in aqueous media. Epub 2022 Oct 13. Azotobacter sp. Therefore, an attempt has been made in our present study to identify a potential microalga for biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Yang et al. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Environ Sci Technol 26:193198, Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. They isolated from soil a thermophilic bacterium Brevibaccillus borstelensis strain, which utilized low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source and degraded it. This was probably caused by mediums evaporation. As a result, the LDPE sheet was colonized by green algae (Chlorophyceae) supplemented in BBM culture medium, whereas other two culture medium have shown very low colonization (Fig. Biotechnol Adv 26:246265, Shimao M (2001) Biodegradation of plastics. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RK and IK and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. For example, pretreatment with UV light has been demonstrated to improve biodegradation [19]. Degradation of the plastic polymer may be detected by a variety of methods, including: [i] . Conventional pro-oxidants include transient metal ions such as iron, manganese, titanium, cobalt in the form of stearate. The extents of biodegradability of the untreated low density polyethylene film by the isolated Enhanced biodegradation of low and high-density polyethylene by novel bacterial consortia formulated from plastic-contaminated cow dung under thermophilic conditions. This led to a decrease in soil quality, physiological disorders in plant growth such as seed germination and root growth, which would which would decrease agricultural productivity in the end. A thermophilic bacterium, for example, is able to degrade PES at 50 C [10]. & Sivan, A. Colonisation and biofilm formation and biodegradation of polythene by a strain of Rhodococcus rubber. Curr Opin Biotech 22:422426, Sivan A, Szanto M, Pavlov V (2006) Biofilm development of the polyethylene degrading bacterium Rhodococcus ruber. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by KS, TV, MV, RK, IK and LM. The hydrophilicity is usually estimated by measuring the contact angle of the surface with water. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 61:203213, Suhas Carrott PJM, Carrott MMLR (2007) Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review. 15, 16). A higher number of all types of compounds were found in the samples of organic matter around the surface of HDPE, but the distribution of compounds appeared to be similar. The microscopic images showing colonization of microalga Uronema africanum on the surface of LDPE sheet. Therefore, the highly colonized green microalga was isolated and maintained in the Algal culture room for further processes (Fig. Similarly, most prominent structural changes were observed by FT-IR while LDPE degradation by a fungus Aspergillus clavatus38. The treatment of a PE film with the strain D1 has highlighted that the appearance of carbonyl and ether functional groups on the FTIR spectra was concomitant with the release of oxidative cleavage products containing alcohol, ester and acid groups, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gut Microbes. assigned this research work as a post graduate project research work to D.K.G. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.01.012, Wang L, Gao Y-Z, Zhao H, Xu Y, Zhou N-Y (2019) Biodegradation of 2-Bromonitrobenzene by Pseudomonas Stutzeri ZWLR2-1. RSC Adv 3:1408014087, Tharanathan RN (2003) Biodegradable films and composite coatings: past, present and future. Polyethylene (PE) is the most abundant synthetic, petroleum-based plastic materials produced globally, and one of the most resistant to biodegradation, resulting in massive accumulation in the environment. In Advances in Microbial Ecology Vol. It is widely used for packaging food and non-food items, manufacturing trays and plastic bags. In addition, 1H-NMR data were used to determine the chemical modifications in the residual polymer from the excreta of PE-fed mealworms, in comparison with bran-fed mealworms. Fuhs, G. W. D. Mikrobielle Abbau von Kohlenwasserstoffen. Prog. CIB Tech. [45] showed the presence of 1-trimethylsilylmethanol, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, hexadecanoic acid, 1,4-dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene or 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene. In this study, plastic waste was sampled at the landfill. Nevertheless, the researchers said several studies have demonstrated partial biodegradation of polyethylene. Searches were performed based on nucleotide sequence comparisons. . Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 61, 203213 (2008). We thank Dr. Babu, B., Assistant Professor, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Chennai-59 for helping us to morphologically identify the microalga, and The University of Madras for providing us support to carry-out this research work successfully. Polym Degrad Stab 81:441452, Briassoulis D, Aristopoulou A, Bonora M, Verlodt I (2004) Degradation characterisation of agricultural low-density polyethylene films. Eighteen membranes of each type were punched and placed on polyethylene nets as carriers. The variability of results in the degradation of polyethylene may also be related to the bacterial species used in the experiments. DNA was isolated from pure cultures. J Appl Polym Sci 29:25812597, Curlee TR, Das S (1991) Identifying and assessing targets of opportunity for plastics recycling. IV. Int. African Journal of Bacteriology Research, 2015; 3: 9295. Sci. Curr. Biodegradation of polyethylene by bacteria and fungi have been reported enormously, whereas algae on polyethylene degradation has attained a very meager attention21,22,23. The pretreated PE film was tested for biodegradation and biofilm formation by Rhodococcus ruber (C208). The purity of DNA was checked using the NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). 3600.52.26/2020 and 3600.54.04/2021. California Privacy Statement, 92(3), 285287 (2006). Number of compounds detected in the medium (blue column) and organic matters around the surface of HDPE (orange column) after degradation with all tested bacterial species. The samples of plastic waste were cut into squares 22cm, 13mm thick, smooth edge with different density (food wrap, food packaging) in sterile condition in biological safety cabinets Herasafe KS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Biotechnol. Methods and Results: Rationally, 15 bacteria (GMB1-GMB15) were isolated by enrichment technique. The effect of microbial colonization on the surface of PE was studied by monitoring seven different characteristics with respect to the degree of biodegradation of the polymer: functional groups on the surface, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, crystallinity, molecular weight distribution, surface topography, mechanical properties, and mass balance (Table3). 32, 270277 (1968). Negligible difference between CO2 generated by A. borkumensis on LDPE and the sample without LDPE indicating that the strain was not able to utilize LDPE. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Degrad. The Role of Microbes in . Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 65:757767, Ojha N, Pradhan N, Singh S, Barla A, Shrivastava A, Khatua P, Rai V, Bose S (2017) Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Similarly, by SEM analysis, erosion, pit formation, and cavities were clearly visible on the surface of the cyanobacteria (Phormidium lucidum and Oscillatoria subbrevis) treated LDPE sheets33. Plastics are one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. D1 from the Guts of Wax Moth Galleria Mellonella. R Soc. Potts, J. E. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Suppl. Shimao M. Biodegradation of plastics. Three different groups of microalgae were targeted for the biodegradation of LDPE sheet (Fig. Biotechnol Adv 26:246265. Emerg Infect Dis 8:881890. 2016 Jul;23(14):14621-35. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6542-3. It has been described that UV pretreatment can influence the performance of the experiment as UV light can act as an initiator of oxidation which promotes biodegradation. Hence, upcoming research should be performed using additive-free PE. Based on SEM analysis, microbes isolated from the forest soil and automobile wash-out sludge were found to degrade LDPE by forming cavities on its surface41. [21, 39, 86, 97].. 10). Microscopical images of isolated green algae colonized on the LDPE sheet. Pol. Sanniyasi, E., Gopal, R.K., Gunasekar, D.K. Bhaskar, P. V. & Bhosle, N. B. Microbial extracellular polysaccharides and their role in marine biogeochemical processes. Carbon and hydrogen are the backbone of polyethylene and thus, it is resistant to biodegradation. Researches on various synthetic polymers have been accelerated since DuPont had succeeded in mass production and an exclusive sale of nylon in 1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.012, Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. J. Environ. Many conventional methods of polyethylene degradation include UV photooxidation, thermal oxidation, incineration, chemical oxidation and landfill are being practiced. Biodegradation of polyethylene by microalgae is an ecofriendly and cost-effectively viable option rather than conventional methods of degradation22. Germany, Eyheraguibel B, Traikia M, Fontanella S, Sancelme M, Bonhomme S, Fromageot D, Lemaire J, Lauranson G, Lacoste J, Delort AM (2017) Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. Recently, complete genomic and transcriptomic data of G. mellonella have been used to explore the beeswax and PE metabolism [53]. In organic matter around the surface of the HDPE 260 of 442 compounds were identified. Sharma, M., Dubey, A. Pranamuda et al. In the study by Kyaw et al. The pipes are easy to join. Simultaneously, in our study, the occurrence of erosions, abrasions, grooves, and ridges by the microalga U. africanum on the surface of LDPE sheets, were clearly visible by SEM analysis. were evenly distributed among the different isolated cultures. In this research, polyethylene degrading ligninolytic bacteria were isolated from plastic waste polluted soil. 3BD). 364(1526), 21532166 (2009). Biodegradation of PE is restricted by the absence of hydrolysable functional groups in the backbone [56, 86]. All above mentioned experiments were done with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Many microbial species capable of degrading plastics have already been identified. A nontarget screening procedure was performed to detect potential biodegradation products. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The air did not contain CO2, which was verified using GC Agilent 7890 Series (Agilent, Santa Clara, California, USA). 1 were 23years old and the samples were collected from a depth of 2m. The waste at sampling point No. 88, 4553 (2004). Enhanced extracellular secretion of laccases and MnP from B. cereus was observed when the strain was incubated with UV-irradiated PE [102]. for providing samples of virgin polyethylene and SUEZ CZ a.s. for assistance in collecting plastic samples from the landfill. Sci. IOSR J. Pharm. It has been studied that . Among the specific degradation products, heneicosane, benzoic acid and 1-dodecanol were identified in our study [25, 32]. Ramanathan, K. R. Ulotrichales (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1964). Int J Pharm Biol Arch 3:11901196. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?. 54, 165176 (2012). The fundamental nature was as follows: pH 7.8 (2.5:1 of water-to-soil ratio), 6.18 g/kg organic matter, 4.18 mg/kg available phosphorous, 0.81 g/kg total nitrogen (N), and 102.3 mg/kg available potassium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:97104, CAS Palmisano, A. C. & Pettigrew, C. A. Biodegradability of plastics. In this study we evaluate the extent of degradation of high-density polyethylene by bacterial isolates obtained from landfill. The most numerous types of compounds in the medium samples were single-bonded hydrocarbons (maximum in the sample with the Jonesia denitrificans), except for the sample with the Pseudomonas tuomurensis with more of double-bonded hydrocarbons (in total 20). Stab. Although the waxworm researches lacked information about the biodegradation mechanism of PE [115], cutting holes on the surface of PE by waxworms and FTIR analysis of degraded PE indicated that PE pieces break down with the carboncarbon bond cleavage by mechanical force or enzymatic digestion or both. A., Alikhani, H. A., Shabani, F. & Esmaeili, E. Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by mixed culture of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Aspergillus niger in soil. Esmaeili, A., Pourbabaee, A. For analysis of organic matter developed around the surface of the HDPE during the test, 50mg of PE and 10ml of CHCl3 were mixed in a 60ml glass vial. PubMed Hence, the biological agent utilizes the synthetic polymer as a substrate for carbon source, thus the end-product would be microbial biomass. Hence, TiO2-incorporated polymer films efficiently absorb UV light. The microorganisms are isolated from plastic wastes deposited in the landfill for 2-3 years and 17 years. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312174, Otake Y, Kobayashi T, Asabe H, Murakami N, Ono K (1995) Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and urea formaldehyde resin buried under soil for over 32 years. The maximum value 999 represents resemblance of analysed compounds to the substance in a spectra library (NIST MS Search 2.0.). Experiment by Kyaw et al. RSC Adv 6:29822992, Mukherjee S, Kundu PP (2014) Alkaline fungal degradation of oxidized polyethylene in black liquor: studies on the effect of lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases. The presence of branched chains is responsible for the low density of LDPE. These include manganese peroxidase (MnP, EC 1.11.1.13), lignin peroxidases (LiP, EC 1.11.1.14), and laccases (EC 1.10.3.2.) 2018 Dec 3;2018:4167845. doi: 10.1155/2018/4167845. DNA was amplified by PCR in final volume of 25l in a thermocycler Labcycler (SensoQuest GmbH, Gttingen, Germany). Indian J Microbiol, 2012; 3: 411419. This study was financially supported from Institutional funds for the development of the research organization TGM WRI, p.r.i., within the framework of the internal grant No. FTIR spectra of UV-photooxidized PE incubated with Rhodococcus ruber strain C208 showed that formation of the carbonyl residues on the surface of photooxidized PE plays an important role in initiation of biodegradation [38, 101]. indigenous to the Niger Delta Mangrove Swamp. Registered in England and Wales. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 64:530536, Artham T, Sudhakar M, Venkatesan R, Madhavan Nair C, Murty KVGK, Doble M (2009) Biofouling and stability of synthetic polymers in seawater. Thirty two species were isolated from both sampling points. Curr. A thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis isolated from soil has been reported to utilize BLDPE as the sole carbon and energy source, by which 30% of the molecular weight of PE film was reduced during an incubation period of 30 d [41]. For optical microscopical study on biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the selected microalga; sophisticated, binocular, compound microscope was employed (Lawrence and Mayo). [CrossRef] 46. The results are summarized in Table 3. And among them, the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum spiroides alone forms a cavity on the surface of the treated LDPE sheet based on SEM analysis22. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:678685, Liu EK, He WQ, Yan CR (2014) White revolution to white pollution-agricultural plastic film mulch in China. On the last day of the experiment, the residual media and HDPE samples were kept for further analysis by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) to detect intermediates of biodegradation. 18, 19), 10m2 (Figs. Implemented Stat Optim Sci Rep 7:39515. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39515, Novotn , Malachov K, Adamus G, Kwiecie M, Lotti N, Soccio M, Verney V, Fava F (2018) Deterioration of irradiation/high-temperature pretreated, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by bacillus Amyloliquefaciens. This early degradation left thousands with implants that could prematurely fracture or crack. Skariyachan S, Setlur AS, Naik SY, Naik AA, Usharani M, Vasist KS. Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and Societal Benefits of Plastics. The obtained aligned DNA sequences were compared using the widely known tool BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). (A) The 4 magnification of washed LDPE sheet showing hair-like structures still present on the LDPE sheet; (B,C) 10 magnification of the radial disc, still present after washing; (D) A 100 magnification of radial disc after washing, with absence of microalgal filament; (EH) 100 microscopical images clearly indicate erosions, abrasions and grooves and ridges on the surface of the LDPE sheet. To improve bacterial attack on the particles of polyethylene, an experiment with the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was conducted for 2months at high temperature, with pretreatment enhanced by gamma irradiation. 6). Biodegradation of polyethylene: a brief review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00511-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.02.010, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The isolated, pure microalga Uronema africanum Borge was then subjected to treat with LDPE sheet in BBM culture medium. Wherefore, such microalga was isolated to study the biological degradation of LDPE sheets. Watanabe, M. M., Kawachi, M., Hiroki, M. & Kasai, F. NIES Collection List of Strains. The authors thank BELT PLAST, s.r.o. Baruah, S. D. Biodegradable polymer: The promises and the problems. All around the world today, different types of plastics are used for packaging materials, especially in form of low density polyethylene (LDPE). Compounds that were present in control samples were not taken into consideration as well, since they probably do not represent products of biodegradation. Without the ability to use plastics, life would be much more complicated nowadays. Polymers 5:118, Weber C, Pusch S, Opatz T (2017) Polyethylene bio-degradation by caterpillars? The waste at sampling point No. Article 2(3), 187189 (2012). 2). After 30days of incubation, the LDPE sheet was fully colonized by microalga and visualized like green hair-like structures protrude from the LDPE sheet (Fig. J. Environ. Experiments are conducted under laboratory conditions to degrade virgin high-density polyethylene used in the manufacture of packaging materials. The bar graph showing differences in Area Roughness average (Sa), Roughness peak height (Sp), and Roughness pit height (Sv), comparatively between the control (untreated) and the U. africanum treated LDPE sheets of 10m2 area. The strain can assimilate 95% of the soluble oligomers after 240 d. Notably, longer molecules degraded quickly than the smaller ones, suggesting that both extracellular chain cleavage and intracellular -oxidation mechanisms play an important role in PE biodegradation. Part 2-Chain-Chlorinated Polystyrene Polymer Degradation and Stability 18 213 . Some microorganisms are known to produce enzymes (depolymerase, hydrolase) that can be used for polymer degradation [12, 13]. ecosystem for longer duration due to its low rate of degradation. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Yoon et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Degradation of waste plastics through microorganism use represents one of the alternatives to deal with such problems. Atomic force microscopic results obtained for control (untreated) LDPE sheet of 10m2 area: (A) Topography of the surface (Line fit); (B) Voltage deflection (Line fit); (C) Topography with mean fit; and (D) Voltage deflection with mean fit. There is a wide range of bacterial species associated with the biodegradation of plastics. 8(4), 135144 (2017). Expression of the complete AH system of P. aeruginosa strain E7 in E. coli showed 30% degradation of a PE sample [48]. For example, Jeon et al. Furthermore, the configuration of the groove formed by the microalga correspondingly similar with the filamentous structure of the microalga U. africanum. Based on the morphology, the microalga was identified with the help of Dr. B. Babu, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600059. All rights reserved. Based on the results obtained from light microscopy, dark field microscopy, GCMS, FT-IR, SEM and AFM, it was concluded that the microalga has initiated degradation of LDPE sheet within 30days of incubation. Notably, the use of tailored microbial consortia has shown promising degradation of PS and PE compared to the use of single microorganisms [26, 69, 91, 121]. Allen, M. M. Simple conditions for growth of unicellular blue-green algae. [47] and Mahalakshmi et al. J. Algal Biomass Utln. J. Biotechnol. However, the detailed mechanisms of these enzymes have not been investigated. Still, if you could get polyethylene, one of the most used resins, to successfully break down in a landfill by introducing a microbe, well, it's a pretty novel concept. Table1 summarizes bacterial strains associated with PE biodegradation. Chemosphere 191:979989, Yang Y, Yang J, Wu W, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (2015) Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic eating mealworms: part 1. Optical density was measured to check the turbidity of all samples. Pollut. Zumestein et al. J Hazard Mater 375:3342, Thankam Thomas R, Sandhyarani N (2013) Enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of low density polyethyleneTiO2 nanocomposite films under solar irradiation. 3 Biotech 6(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0394-x, Abrusci C, Pablos JL, Corrales T, Lpez-Marn J, Marn I, Catalina F (2011) Biodegradation of photo-degraded mulching films based on polyethylenes and stearates of calcium and iron as pro-oxidant additives. Plots were generated using the Origin2021b software package (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). These functional groups at the surface of PE are considered important because oxidized groups cause an increase in the hydrophilicity which in turns results in the efficient attachment of microbes to the PE surface thereby promoting the biodegradation [2, 110]. Al-Zahrani RM, Al-Otibi F, Marraiki N, Alharbi RI, Aldehaish HA. Therefore, these biodegradable plastics have not attained widespread attention globally18. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:35863592, Ribitsch D, Yebra AO, Zitzenbacher S, Wu J, Nowitsch S, Steinkellner G, Doliska A, Oberdorfer G, Gruber CC, Gruber K, Schwab H, Kleinschek KS, Acero EH, Guebitz GM (2013) Fusion of binding domains to Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase to tune sorption characteristics and enhancing pet hydrolysis. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. At stationary phase, no significant difference in the release of CO2 between cells grown with no carbon source and with LDPE. 4, we discuss our results with those of other authors. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Bioresour Bioprocess 4:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-017-0145-9, Ojha N, Pradhan N, Singh S, Barla A, Shrivastava A, Khatua P, Rai V, Bose S (2017) Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus. Bacteria_ The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Research Assignment.pdf. Based on the light microscopy, dark field microscopy, GCMS, FT-IR, SEM and AFM results, it was found that the microalga can initiate degradation of low-density polyethylene in 30days of incubation. Each mean weight represents the average of three replicates SE. The . Hydrophobicity and high molecular weight reduces the formation of biofilm and assimilation of polyethylene by microbes. Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by. Universal mechanical testing system (UMTS) is preferentially used for studying changes in the mechanical properties of a polymer [74, 79, 105]. J Appl Microbiol 123:582593, Yakowitz H (1990) Incineration of municipal solid waste: scientific and technical evaluation of the state-of-the-art by an expert panel. CAS Polyethylene (PE) amongst the most widely used type of polymer with a global annual production of . There is increasing information about the degradation of plastics, in the natural environment, which involves microorganisms. Thompson, R. C. et al. Bioresour Technol 98:23012312, Syranidou E, Karkanorachaki K, Amorotti F, Avgeropoulos A, Kolvenbach B, Zhou N, Fava F, Corvini PFX, Kalogerakis N (2019) Biodegradation of mixture of plasticfilms by tailored marine consortia. PubMed Central Concurrently, occurrence of erosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges on the treated LDPE sheets were clearly seen. Most PPE including face shields and transparent barriers are made of polyethylene, . Based on the modern phylogenetic system of classification, the systematic position of the isolated microalgal species U. africanum Borge was retrieved from algaebase database30. J. Gen. Microbiol. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The membranes were then biodegraded-each on its carrier-in 12-well polystyrene plates: three samples of each membrane type were degraded for 1.5, 3, 6, or 12 h in 2 mL of a buffered collagenase solution, at 37 C. The bar graph showing differences in Area Roughness average (Sa), Roughness peak height (Sp), and Roughness pit height (Sv), comparatively between the control (untreated) and the U. africanum treated LDPE sheets of 25m2 area. Polym Degrad Stab 91:14951503, Krueger MC, Harms H, Schlosser D (2015) Prospects for microbiological solutions to environmental pollution with plastics. Chemosphere 222:527533. Environ. Biosci. had designed the complete work. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 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